Cause Of King Philip's War

1675–1678 conflict betwixt Native Americans and New England colonists

Rex Philip's State of war
Part of the American Indian Wars
An creative person's rendition of Indians attacking a garrison house
Appointment June 20, 1675 – April 12, 1678 Location Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maine Event Colonial victory, Wabanaki victory in Maine
Belligerents
Wampanoags Nipmucks Podunks Narragansetts Nashaway Wabanakis	New England Confederation Mohegans Pequots Mohawks[1]
Commanders and leaders
Metacomet, chief of Pokanokets ("King Philip") † Weetamoo, chief of Pocasset (DOW) Canonchet, chief of Narragansetts † Awashonks, chief of Sakonnets Muttawmp, chief of Nipmucks Madockawando, chief of Penobscots Mogg Hegon, chief of Androscoggins	Gov. Josiah Winslow Gov. John Leverett Gov. John Winthrop, Jr. Helm William Tucker Captain Benjamin Church Captain Michael Pierce Captain George Denison Captain Walter Gendall Uncas, Sachem of Mohegans Oneco, Sachem of Mohegans Robin Cassacinamon, Governor of the Pequots
Strength
c. 3,400	c. 3,500
Casualties and losses
c. 2,000[2]	c. 2,800+ [3]

Rex Philip's War (sometimes chosen the First Indian War, Metacom's War, Metacomet's State of war, Pometacomet's Rebellion, or Metacom's Rebellion)^[4] was an armed disharmonize in 1675–1676 between indigenous inhabitants of New England and New England colonists and their ethnic allies. The state of war is named for Metacom, the Wampanoag principal who adopted the name Philip considering of the friendly relations between his male parent Massasoit and the Mayflower Pilgrims.^[5] The war continued in the virtually northern reaches of New England until the signing of the Treaty of Casco Bay on April 12, 1678. ^{[half dozen] [7]}

Massasoit had maintained a long-continuing alliance with the colonists. Metacom (c.  1638–1676), his younger son, became tribal master in 1662 after Massasoit's death. Metacom, however, forsook his father's brotherhood betwixt the Wampanoags and the colonists later on repeated violations by the colonists.^[8] The colonists insisted that the 1671 peace agreement should include the surrender of Native guns; so 3 Wampanoags were hanged in Plymouth Colony in 1675 for the murder of another Wampanoag, which increased tensions.^[9] Native raiding parties attacked homesteads and villages throughout Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Maine over the next six months, and the colonial militia retaliated. The Narragansetts remained neutral, but some Narragansetts participated in raids of colonial strongholds and militia, so colonial leaders deemed them to exist in violation of peace treaties. The colonies assembled the largest regular army New England had nevertheless mustered, consisting of one,000 militia and 150 Native allies. Governor Josiah Winslow marshaled them to assail the Narragansetts in Nov 1675. They attacked and burned Native villages throughout Rhode Island territory, culminating with the set on on the Narragansetts' primary fort in the Swell Swamp Fight. An estimated 600 Narragansetts were killed, and their coalition was taken over by Narragansett sachem Canonchet. They pushed back the borders of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Rhode Island colonies, burning towns as they went, including Providence in March 1676. However, the colonial militia overwhelmed the Native coalition. By the end of the war, the Wampanoags and their Narragansett allies were well-nigh completely destroyed.^[10] On August 12, 1676, Metacom fled to Mount Hope, where he was killed by the militia.

The state of war was the greatest calamity in seventeenth-century New England and is considered by many to be the deadliest war in Colonial American history.^[11] In the infinite of little more a year, 12 of the region's towns were destroyed and many more than were damaged, the economy of Plymouth and Rhode Isle Colonies was all but ruined and their population was decimated, losing ane-10th of all men bachelor for military service.^{[12] [a]} More than than one-half of New England's towns were attacked by Natives.^[14] Hundreds of Wampanoags and their allies were publicly executed or enslaved, and the Wampanoags were left effectively landless.^[15]

King Philip'south War began the evolution of an contained American identity. The New England colonists faced their enemies without support from any European authorities or armed services, and this began to give them a grouping identity separate and singled-out from Uk.^[16]

Historical context [edit]

Plymouth Colony was established in 1620 with significant early assist from local Natives, particularly Squanto and Massasoit. Subsequent colonists founded Salem, Boston, and many minor towns around Massachusetts Bay between 1628 and 1640, during a fourth dimension of increased English clearing. The colonists progressively expanded throughout the territories of the several Algonquian-speaking tribes in the region. Prior to King Philip's War, tensions fluctuated between Native tribes and the colonists.^{[11] [17]} The Narragansetts fought alongside the English language colonists in the Pequot War and participated in the Mystic massacre, but were horrified afterwards.^[xviii] With the defeat of the Pequots, the Narragansett leader Miantonomoh gathered groups of Algonquians together in the 1640s, in the hope that they could confront the colonists together.^[18] He was captured by colonists in Connecticut and executed past the Mohegan sachem Uncas, shattering the indigenous coalition.

The Rhode Island, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies each developed dissever relations with the Wampanoags, Nipmucs, Narragansetts, Mohegans, Pequots, and other tribes of New England, whose territories historically had differing boundaries. Many of the neighboring tribes had been traditional competitors and enemies. As the colonial population increased, the New Englanders expanded their settlements forth the region'due south coastal evidently and up the Connecticut River valley. By 1675, they had established a few pocket-sized towns in the interior betwixt Boston and the Connecticut River settlements.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Wampanoag tribe under Metacomet's leadership had entered into an agreement with the Plymouth Colony and believed that they could rely on the colony for protection. Nonetheless, in the decades preceding the war, it became clear to them that the treaty did non mean that the Colonists were not allowed to settle in new territories.^[xi]

Failure of diplomacy [edit]

"King Philip'southward Seat," a meeting place on Mount Hope, now in Bristol, Rhode Island.

Metacomet became sachem of the Pokanoket and Grand Sachem of the Wampanoag Confederacy in 1662 after the death of his older blood brother Grand Sachem Wamsutta (called "Alexander" by the colonists), who had succeeded their father Massasoit (d. 1661) as chief. Metacomet was well known to the colonists before his ascension as paramount main to the Wampanoags, but he distrusted the colonists.^[17]

The Plymouth colonists had passed laws making it illegal to accept commerce with the Wampanoags.^{[ commendation needed ] [ clarification needed ]} They learned that Wamsutta had sold a packet of land to Roger Williams, and so Governor Josiah Winslow had Wamsutta arrested, even though Wampanoags who lived exterior of colonist jurisdiction were not accountable to Plymouth Colony laws. Disharmonize betwixt the Wampanoags and settlers increased due to the continual intrusion of settlers' livestock onto Wampanoag farms and food stores, with extremely few colonists taking more than half-hearted steps to prevent this in spite of regular complaints by the Wampanoags.^[nineteen] Another grievance held past many Wampanoags was the persistent attempt past colonial missionaries to convert them to Christianity; amidst those who expressed such grievances was Metacomet himself, who declared that he and other Wampanoag leaders possessed a great fear that whatever of their people "should be called or forced to be Christian Indians".^[twenty] Metacomet began negotiating with the other Algonquian tribes confronting the Plymouth Colony, in the winter of 1674–1675, soon after the death of his begetter and his brother.^[21]

Population [edit]

The population of New England colonists totaled about 65,000 people.^[22] They lived in 110 towns, of which 64 were in the Massachusetts Bay colony, which then included the southwestern portion of Maine. The towns had about 16,000 men of armed forces age who were near all office of the militia, as universal training was prevalent in all colonial New England towns. Many towns had built strong garrison houses for defence force, and others had stockades enclosing nearly of the houses. All of these were strengthened as the state of war progressed. Some poorly populated towns were abased if they did not take plenty men to defend them.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Each town had local militias based on all eligible men who had to supply their own arms. Simply those who were too quondam, also immature, disabled, or clergy were excused from armed services service. The militias were usually but minimally trained and initially did relatively poorly confronting the warring Natives, until more than effective training and tactics could exist devised. Articulation forces of militia volunteers and volunteer Native allies were found to exist the almost constructive. The Native allies of the colonists numbered about 1,000 from the Mohegans and Praying Indians, with almost 200 warriors.^{[23] [ citation needed ]}

By 1676, the regional Native population had decreased to about 10,000 (exact numbers are unavailable), largely because of epidemics. These included about 4,000 Narragansetts of western Rhode Island and eastern Connecticut, two,400 Nipmucs of fundamental and western Massachusetts, and two,400 combined in the Massachusett and Pawtucket tribes living around Massachusetts Bay and extending northwest to Maine. The Wampanoags and Pokanokets of Plymouth and eastern Rhode Isle are idea to accept numbered fewer than 1,000. Well-nigh one in four were considered to be warriors. By then, the Natives had almost universally adopted steel knives, tomahawks, and flintlock muskets as their weapons. The various tribes had no common government. They had distinct cultures and often warred among themselves,^[24] although they all spoke related languages from the Algonquian family.

The trial [edit]

John Sassamon was a Native convert to Christianity, commonly referred to as a "praying Indian." He played a key function as a "cultural mediator," negotiating with both colonists and Natives while belonging to neither party.^[25] He was an early on graduate of Harvard College and served as a translator and adviser to Metacomet. He reported to the governor of Plymouth Colony that Metacomet planned to gather allies for Native attacks on widely dispersed colonial settlements.^[26]

Metacomet was brought before a public court, where court officials admitted that they had no proof but warned that they would confiscate Wampanoag land and guns if they had any farther reports that he was conspiring to start a war. Not long subsequently, Sassamon's trunk was establish in the water ice-covered Assawompset Swimming, and Plymouth Colony officials arrested 3 Wampanoags on the testimony of a Native witness, including one of Metacomet's counselors. A jury that included six Native elders convicted the men of Sassamon's murder, and they were executed by hanging on June viii, 1675 (O.S.), at Plymouth.^{[ citation needed ]}

Southern theater, 1675 [edit]

Raid on Swansea [edit]

A ring of Pokanokets attacked several isolated homesteads in the small Plymouth colony settlement of Swansea on June 20, 1675.^[27] They laid siege to the boondocks, then destroyed it five days later and killed several more people. On June 27, 1675, a full eclipse of the moon occurred in the New England area,^[28] and various tribes in New England thought it a skilful omen for attacking the colonists.^[29] Officials from the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies responded quickly to the attacks on Swansea; on June 28, they sent a punitive military expedition that destroyed the Wampanoag town at Mount Promise in Bristol, Rhode Isle.

The war speedily spread and soon involved the Podunk and Nipmuc tribes. During the summer of 1675, the Natives attacked at Middleborough and Dartmouth, Massachusetts (July 8), Mendon, Massachusetts (July fourteen), Brookfield, Massachusetts (August 2), and Lancaster, Massachusetts (August 9). In early September, they attacked Deerfield, Hadley, and Northfield, Massachusetts.

Siege of Brookfield [edit]

Wheeler'south Surprise and the ensuing Siege of Brookfield were fought in August 1675 between Nipmuc Natives nether Muttawmp and the colonists of Massachusetts Bay nether the command of Thomas Wheeler and Helm Edward Hutchinson.^[30] The battle consisted of an initial ambush on August 2, 1675, by the Nipmucs against Wheeler's unsuspecting party. Eight men from Wheeler'southward visitor died during the ambush: Zechariah Phillips of Boston, Timothy Farlow of Billerica, Edward Coleborn of Chelmsford, Samuel Smedly of Concord, Shadrach Hapgood of Sudbury, Sergeant Eyres, Sergeant Prichard, and Corporal Coy of Brookfield.^[31] Following the ambush was an attack on Brookfield, Massachusetts, and the consistent besieging of the remains of the colonial strength. The Nipmuc forces harried the settlers for two days, until they were driven off by a newly arrived force of colonial soldiers under the command of Major Simon Willard.^[32] The siege took place at Ayers' Garrison in West Brookfield, but the location of the initial deadfall was a subject of extensive controversy amid historians in the late nineteenth century.^[xxx]

The New England Confederation comprised the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, New Haven Colony, and Connecticut Colony; they declared state of war on the Natives on September ix, 1675. The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations tried to remain neutral, but much of the state of war was fought on Rhode Island soil; Providence and Warwick suffered extensive damage from the Natives.

The side by side colonial trek was to recover crops from abased fields forth the Connecticut River for the coming wintertime and included almost 100 farmers and militia, plus teamsters to bulldoze the wagons.

Battle of Bloody Brook [edit]

The Battle of Bloody Brook was fought on September 12, 1675, betwixt militia from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and a band of Natives led by Nipmuc sachem Muttawmp. The Natives ambushed colonists escorting a train of wagons carrying the harvest from Deerfield to Hadley. They killed at least twoscore militia men and 17 teamsters out of a visitor that included 79 militia.^[xiii]

Set on on Springfield [edit]

The Natives next attacked Springfield, Massachusetts, on October 5, 1675, the Connecticut River'due south largest settlement at the time. They burned to the ground nearly all of Springfield's buildings, including the town's grist mill. Well-nigh of the Springfielders who escaped unharmed took cover at the firm of Miles Morgan, a resident who had constructed one of the settlement's few fortified blockhouses.^[33] A Native retainer who worked for Morgan managed to escape and alerted the Massachusetts Bay troops under the command of Major Samuel Appleton, who broke through to Springfield and drove off the attackers.

Morgan'south sons were famous Native fighters in the territory. His son Peletiah was killed by Natives in 1675. Springfielders later honored Miles Morgan with a big statue in Courtroom Square.^[33]

The Great Swamp Fight [edit]

The Narragansetts endeavored to remain neutral in the war, driven partly by their relationship with Roger Williams.^[34] Although non directly involved in the war, they had sheltered many of the Wampanoag fighters, women, and children, and in that location were questions well-nigh some of their warriors participating in several Native attacks. In October of 1675, The Narraganset sachem Canonchet signed a "Treaty of Neutrality" with the Massachusetts Bay Colony, but the distrust by the colonists remained.^[34]

On Nov two, Plymouth Colony governor Josiah Winslow led a combined force of colonial militia against the Narragansett tribe. The colonists distrusted the tribe and did not understand the various alliances. As the colonial forces went through Rhode Island, they constitute and burned several Native towns which had been abandoned by the Narragansetts, who had retreated to a massive fort in a frozen swamp. The cold atmospheric condition in December froze the swamp so that it was relatively easy to traverse. The colonial strength constitute the Narragansett fort on December nineteen, 1675, about present-twenty-four hours S Kingstown, Rhode Island; they attacked in a combined force of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Connecticut militia numbering near 1,000 men, including about 150 Pequots and Mohegan Native allies. The vehement battle that followed is known as the Great Swamp Fight. It is believed that the militia killed about 600 Narragansetts. They burned the fort (occupying over 5 acres (20,000 thousandⁱⁱ) of country) and destroyed about of the tribe's wintertime stores.

Most of the Narragansett warriors escaped into the frozen swamp. The colonists lost many of their officers in this set on; about 70 of their men were killed and nearly 150 more wounded. The remainder of the colonial assembled forces returned to their homes, lacking supplies for an extended entrada. The nearby towns in Rhode Isle provided care for the wounded until they could return to their homes.^[35]

In the Spring of 1676, The Narragansett counterattacks from Canonchet began subsequently assembling an army of 2000 braves. Providence was burned, including Roger William's house.^[34] The Narragansetts were finally defeated when Canonchet was captured and executed in April 1676, then female person sachem Queen Quaiapen drowned on July 2 attempting to cantankerous a river.

Mohawk intervention [edit]

In December 1675, Metacomet established a winter camp in Schaghticoke, New York.^[xiii] His reason for moving into New York has been attributed to a want to enlist Mohawk assist in the conflict.^[36] Though New York was a non-argumentative, Governor Edmund Andros was nonetheless concerned at the arrival of the Wampanoag sachem.^[13] Either with Andros' sanction, or of their own accord, the Mohawk—traditional rivals of the Algonquian people—launched a surprise assail against a 500-warrior band under Metacomet's command the post-obit Feb.^{[13] [36]} The "ruthless" insurrection de main resulted in the expiry of between 70 and every bit many every bit 460 of the Wampanoag.^{[37] [13]} His forces crippled, Metacomet withdrew to New England, pursued "relentlessly" by Mohawk forces who attacked Algonquian settlements and ambushed their supply parties.^{[thirteen] [38] [39]}

Over the adjacent several months, fear of Mohawk attack led some Wampanoag to give up to the colonists, and 1 historian described the decision of the Mohawk to appoint Metacomet'south forces as "the blow that lost the war for Philip".^{[36] [13]}

Native campaign [edit]

Natives attacked and destroyed more settlements throughout the wintertime of 1675–1676 in their attempt to demolish the colonists. Attacks were made at Andover, Bridgewater, Chelmsford, Groton, Lancaster, Marlborough, Medfield, Medford, Portland, Providence, Rehoboth, Scituate, Seekonk, Simsbury, Sudbury, Suffield, Warwick, Weymouth, and Wrentham, including modern-day Norfolk and Plainville. The famous account written and published by Mary Rowlandson after the war gives a colonial captive's perspective on the conflict.^[forty]

Southern theater, 1676 [edit]

Lancaster raid [edit]

The Lancaster raid in February 1676 was a Native assault on the community of Lancaster, Massachusetts. Philip led a force of 1,500 Wampanoag, Nipmuc, and Narragansett Natives in a dawn set on on the isolated village, which so included all or part of the neighboring modernistic communities of Bolton and Clinton. They attacked five fortified houses. The business firm of the Rev. Joseph Rowlandson was set on fire, and well-nigh of its occupants were slaughtered—more than thirty people. Rowlandson'due south wife Mary was taken prisoner, and subsequently wrote a all-time-selling captivity narrative of her experiences. Many of the customs'due south other houses were destroyed earlier the Natives retreated n.

Plymouth Plantation Campaign [edit]

The jump of 1676 marked the loftier point for the combined tribes when they attacked Plymouth Plantation on March 12. The town withstood the set on, but the Natives had demonstrated their power to penetrate deep into colonial territory. They attacked iii more than settlements; Longmeadow (near Springfield), Marlborough, and Simsbury were attacked two weeks subsequently. They killed Helm Pierce and a company of Massachusetts soldiers between Pawtucket and the Blackstone's settlement. Several colonial men were tortured and buried at Nine Men's Misery in Cumberland as part of the Natives' ritual torture of enemies. They also burned the settlement of Providence to the footing on March 29. At the same time, a minor ring of Natives infiltrated and burned part of Springfield while the militia was away.

Colonists defending their settlement (non-contemporary depiction)

The settlements within the modern-solar day state of Rhode Island became a literal island colony for a time every bit the settlements at Providence and Warwick were sacked and burned, and the residents were driven to Newport and Portsmouth on Rhode Island. The Connecticut River towns had thousands of acres of cultivated crop land known equally the staff of life handbasket of New England, but they had to limit their plantings and piece of work in large armed groups for cocky-protection.^{[41] : 20} Towns such as Springfield, Hatfield, Hadley, and Northampton, Massachusetts, fortified themselves, reinforced their militias, and held their ground, though attacked several times. The small towns of Northfield, Deerfield, and several others were abandoned as the surviving settlers retreated to the larger towns. The towns of the Connecticut colony were largely unharmed in the war, although more than 100 Connecticut militia died in their back up of the other colonies.

Attack on Sudbury [edit]

The Attack on Sudbury was fought in Sudbury, Massachusetts, on April 21, 1676. The town was surprised by Native raiders at dawn, who besieged a local garrison house and burned several unoccupied homes and farms. Reinforcements that arrived from nearby towns were fatigued into ambushes by the Natives; Captain Samuel Wadsworth lost his life and half of a 70-homo militia in such an ambush.

Falls Fight [edit]

On May 19, 1676, Helm William Turner of the Massachusetts Militia and nigh 150 militia volunteers (mostly minimally trained farmers) attacked a Native line-fishing military camp at Peskeopscut on the Connecticut River, now called Turners Falls, Massachusetts.^[42] The colonists massacred 100–200 Natives in retaliation for earlier Native attacks against Deerfield and other settlements and for the colonial losses in the Battle of Bloody Brook. Turner and nearly forty of the militia were killed during the return from the falls.^[43]

The colonists defeated an assault at Hadley on June 12, 1676 with the aid of their Mohegan allies, scattering about of the Native survivors into New Hampshire and further northward. Later that month, a force of 250 Natives was routed nearly Marlborough, Massachusetts. Combined forces of colonial volunteers and their Native allies continued to attack, kill, capture, or disperse bands of Narragansetts, Nipmucs, and Wampanoags as they tried to plant crops or return to their traditional locations. The colonists granted amnesty to those who surrendered or who were captured and showed that they had not participated in the conflict. Captives who had participated in attacks on the many settlements were hanged, enslaved, or put to indentured servitude, depending upon the colony involved.

2nd Battle of Nipsachuck [edit]

The Second Battle of Nipsachuck occurred on July two, 1676 and included a rare use of a cavalry charge by the English colonists. In the summer of 1676, a band of over 100 Narragansetts led by female sachem Quaiapen returned to northern Rhode Island, plain seeking to recover cached seed corn for planting. They were attacked by a force of 400, composed of 300 Connecticut colonial militia and well-nigh 100 Mohegan and Pequot warriors, and Quaiapen was killed forth with the leaders as they sought refuge in Mattekonnit (Mattity) Swamp in what is now N Smithfield, while the residual of the survivors were sold into slavery.^[44]

Boxing of Mountain Hope [edit]

Metacomet'southward allies began to desert him, and more than 400 had surrendered to the colonists by early July. Metacomet took refuge in the Assowamset Swamp below Providence, and the colonists formed raiding parties of militia and Native allies. Metacomet was killed by one of these teams when he was tracked down past Helm Benjamin Church building and Captain Josiah Standish of the Plymouth Colony militia at Mountain Hope in Bristol, Rhode Island. He was shot and killed past a Native named John Alderman on Baronial 12, 1676.^[45] Metacomet'southward corpse was beheaded, and so drawn and quartered, a traditional punishment for loftier treason in Great Britain in this time menstruum.^[46] His head was displayed in Plymouth for a generation.^[47]

Helm Church and his soldiers captured Pocasset state of war chief Anawan on August 28, 1676, at Anawan Rock in Rehoboth, Massachusetts. He was an old man at the fourth dimension, and a main captain of Metacomet. His capture marked the terminal event in King Philip'southward War, as he was also beheaded.

Northern Theater (Maine and Acadia) [edit]

Earlier the outbreak of war, English settlers in Maine and New Hampshire lived peaceably with their Wabanaki neighbors. Colonists engaged in angling, harvesting timber, and merchandise with Natives. By 1657 English towns and trading posts stretched along the declension e to the Kennebec River. These communities were scattered and lacked fortifications. The caught posture of English settlements reflected the amicable relationship between Wabanakis and colonists to that time.^[48]

Upon hearing news of the Wampanoag assail on Swansea, colonists in York marched upwards the Kennebec River in June 1675 and demanded that Wabanakis turn over their guns and armament as a sign of goodwill. Apart from existence an affront to their sovereignty, Natives depended on their guns to hunt. Afterwards handing over some of their weapons, many Wabanakis starved the following winter. English language colonists exacerbated tensions by shooting at Penobscots in Casco Bay and drowning the infant son of Pequawket sagamore Squando. Impelled by hunger and English violence, Wabanakis began raiding trading posts and attacking settlers.^{[49] [l]}

Under the leadership of Androscoggin sagamore Mogg Hegon and Penobscot sagamore Madockawando, Wabanakis annihilated English presence east of the Saco River. Three major campaigns (one each yr) were launched by the Natives in 1675, 1676, and 1677, most of which led to a massive colonial response. Richard Waldron and Charles Frost led the English language colonial forces in the northern region. Waldron sent forces that attacked the Mi'kmaq in Acadia.

Throughout the campaigns, Mogg Hegon repeatedly attacked towns such as Black Point (Scarborough), Wells, and Damariscove, edifice a Native navy out of the approximately 40 sloops and a dozen 30-ton ships previously armed past militia. Maine's line-fishing industry was completely destroyed past the Wabanaki flotilla. Records from Salem record twenty ketches stolen and destroyed in one raid in Maine.^[51]

Colonial responses to Wabanaki attacks generally failed in both their objectives and accomplishments. Likely upon learning that Mohawks had agreed to enter the war on New England's side, Wabanakis sued for peace in 1677. The official fighting ended in the northern theater with the Treaty of Casco (1678). The treaty allowed English language settlers to return to Maine and acknowledged Wabanaki triumph in the conflict by requiring each English family unit to pay Wabanakis a peck of corn each year as tribute.^{[52] [53]}

By the cease of the war, the Northern Campaigns saw approximately 400 settlers dice, Maine'south line-fishing economy eviscerated, and the Natives maintaining power in eastern and northern Maine. There is not an authentic account of the number of Natives who died, only information technology is thought to be between 100 and 300.^[51]

Function of Dedham [edit]

During the war, men from Dedham went off to fight and several died.^[54] More former Dedhamites who had moved on to other towns died than men who were still living in the customs, however.^[55] They included Robert Hinsdale, his four sons, and Jonathan Plympton who died at the Battle of Encarmine Brook.^{[56] [57]} John Plympton was burned at the stake after being marched to Canada with Quentin Stockwell.^[58]

Zachariah Smith was passing through Dedham on April 12, 1671 when he stopped at the home of Caleb Church in the "sawmill settlement" on the banks of the Neponset River.^[59] The side by side morning he was found expressionless, having been shot.^[59] A group of praying Indians constitute him and suspicion fell on a group on non-Christian Nipmucs who were also heading due south to Providence.^[59] This was the "first actual outrage of Rex Phillip's State of war."^[60] Ane of the Nipmucs, a son of Matoonas, was found guilty and hanged on Boston Common.^[61] For the adjacent six years his head would exist impaled on a pike at the cease of the gallows as a warning to other native peoples.^[61] Dedham and then readied its cannon, which had been issued past the colony in 1650, in grooming for an attack that never came.^[61]

Later on the raid on Swansea, the colony ordered the militias of several towns, including Dedham, to take 100 soldiers ready to march out of town on an hr'south discover.^[62] Helm Daniel Henchmen took control of the men and left Boston on June 26, 1675.^[62] They arrived in Dedham by nightfall and the troops became worried past an eclipse of the moon, which they took as a bad omen.^[62] Some claimed to encounter native scalplocks and bows in the moon.^[62] Dedham was largely spared from the fighting and was non attacked, simply they did build a fortification and offered tax cuts to men who joined the cavalry.^[62]

Plymouth Colony governor Josiah Winslow and Captain Benjamin Church rode from Boston to Dedham to take charge of the 465 soldiers and 275 cavalry assembling there and together departed on December 8, 1675 for the Peachy Swamp Fight.^{[56] [b]} When the commanders arrived, they also found "a vast assortment of teamsters, volunteers, servants, service personnel, and hangers-on."^[56] Dedham's John Salary died in the battle.^[63]

During the battle in Lancaster in February 1676, Jonas Fairbanks and his son Joshua both died.^[64] Richard Wheeler, whose son Joseph was killed in battle the previous August, also died that day.^[64] When the town of Medfield was attacked, they fired a cannon as a warning to Dedham.^[65] Residents of nearby Wrentham abased their community and fled for the safety of Dedham and Boston.^[66]

Pumham, one of Phillip'southward primary advisors, was captured in Dedham on July 25, 1676.^{[60] [67]} Several Christian Indians had seen his band in the woods, nearly starved to death.^[67] Captain Samuel Hunting^[c] led 36 men from Dedham and Medfield and joined 90 Indians on a hunt to find them.^[67] A total of xv of the enemy were killed and 35 were captured.^[67] Pumham, though he was then wounded he could not stand, grabbed hold of an English soldier and would have killed him had one of the settler'southward compatriots non come to his rescue.^[67]

John Plympton and Quentin Stockwell were captured in Deerfield in September 1677 and marched to Canada.^[58] Stockell was eventually ransomed and wrote an business relationship of his ordeal, but Plympton was burned at the stake.^[58]

Backwash [edit]

Southern New England [edit]

The war in southern New England largely concluded with Metacomet'southward decease. More than 1,000 colonists and 3,000 Natives had died.^[2] More than half of all New England towns were attacked by Native warriors, and many were completely destroyed.^[fourteen] Several Natives were enslaved and transported to Bermuda, including Metacomet'southward son, and numerous Bermudians today claim ancestry from the Native exiles. Members of the sachem'due south extended family were placed among colonists in Rhode Island and eastern Connecticut. Other survivors joined western and northern tribes and refugee communities equally captives or tribal members. Some of the Native refugees returned to southern New England.^[68] The Narragansetts, Wampanoags, Podunks, Nipmucks suffered substantial losses, several smaller bands were nearly eliminated equally organized bands, and even the Mohegans were greatly weakened.

The Colony of Rhode Island was devastated by the state of war, as its master city Providence was destroyed. Nevertheless, the Rhode Island legislature issued a formal rebuke to Connecticut Governor John Winthrop on October 26, scarcely half-dozen months after the burning of the urban center—although Winthrop had died. The "official letter" places arraign squarely on the United Colonies of New England for causing the war by provoking the Narragansetts.^[69]

Sir Edmund Andros had been appointed governor of New York in 1674 by the Duke of York, who claimed that his authority extended as far north every bit Maine's northern purlieus. He negotiated a treaty with some of the northern Native bands in Maine on April 12, 1678. Metacomet's Pennacook allies had made a separate peace with the colonists as the result of early battles that are sometimes identified as part of King Philip'due south War. The tribe nevertheless lost members and eventually its identity as the consequence of the war.^[70]

Plymouth Colony [edit]

Plymouth Colony lost close to eight pct of its developed male person population and a smaller percentage of women and children to Native warfare or other causes associated with the state of war.^[71] Native losses were much greater, with near 2,000 men killed or who died of injuries in the state of war, more than than three,000 dying of sickness or starvation, and another 1,000 Natives sold into slavery and transported to other areas, first to British-controlled islands in the Caribbean area such every bit Jamaica and Barbados, then, as captives from the war were banned for farther auction, Natives were sold to non-British markets in Spain, Portugal, the Azores, and Madeira.^[72]

Northern New England [edit]

In northern New England, conflict continued for decades in Maine, New Hampshire, and northern Massachusetts. Wabanakis gradually entered the French orbit as English incursions on their territory continued.^[73] There were half-dozen wars over the side by side 74 years between New French republic and New England, along with their respective Native allies, starting with Rex William's State of war in 1689. (See the French and Native Wars, Male parent Rale'due south War, and Father Le Loutre's War.) The disharmonize in northern New England was largely over the border between New England and Acadia, which New France divers as the Kennebec River in southern Maine.^{[74] [75] [76]} Many colonists from northeastern Maine and Massachusetts temporarily relocated to larger towns in Massachusetts and New Hampshire to avoid Wabanaki raids.^[7]

Run across also [edit]

• American Indian Wars
• Colonial American military machine history
• Irish Donation of 1676
• Kieft's State of war
• List of Indian massacres

Explanatory notes [edit]

1. ^ Schultz and Tougias contend that 600 out of the about 80,000 colonists (0.75%) and 3,000 out of 10,000 Indians (30%) lost their lives in the war.^[13]
2. ^ Hanson has the engagement as December 9.^[56]
3. ^ The son of John Hunting.^[67]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Rebecca Beatrice Brooks (May 31, 2017). "History of Rex Philip'southward War". Retrieved November 12, 2021.
2. ^ ^{a b} Elson, Henry William (1904). "VI. Colonial New England Affairs: Rex Philip'southward War". History of the United states of america of America. New York: The MacMillan Company. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
3. ^ Cray, Robert E. Jr. (2009). "'Weltering in their own blood': puritan casualties in King Philip'southward War". Westfield State Academy.
4. ^ Faludi, Susan (September 7, 2007). "America's Guardian Myths". The New York Times . Retrieved September vi, 2007.
5. ^ Lepore.
6. ^ "Casco, Treaty of", by Jaime Ramon Olivares, in The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Armed services History, ed. by Spencer Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p. 134
7. ^ ^{a b} Norton.
8. ^ Silverman, David (2019). This Country Is Their Land. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 298.
9. ^ Silverman, p. 295–298.
10. ^ Male monarch Philip's War BRITISH-NATIVE AMERICAN Disharmonize at the Encyclopædia Britannica
11. ^ ^{a b c} Drake, p. 1–fifteen.
12. ^ Gould, Philip (Winter 1996). "Reinventing Benjamin Church building: Virtue, Citizenship and the History of Male monarch Philip's War in Early on National America". Journal of the Early Republic. sixteen (4): 645–657. doi:10.2307/3124421. JSTOR 3124421.
13. ^ ^{a b c d e f m h} Schultz and Tougias.
14. ^ ^{a b} "1675-King Philip's State of war". Society of Colonial Wars in the Land of Connecticut. 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
15. ^ Silverman, p. 348–353.
16. ^ Lepore, p. 5–7.
17. ^ ^{a b} Silverman.
18. ^ ^{a b} Delucia, Christine K. (2018). "Habitations by Narragansett Bay Coastal Homelands, Encounters with Roger Williams, and Routes to Cracking Swamp". Retentiveness lands: King Philip's War and the place of violence in the northeast. New Oasis. ISBN9780300201178.
19. ^ Anderson, Virginia DeJohn (Oct 1994). "King Philip's Herds: Indians, Colonists, and the Problem of Livestock in Early New England". The William and Mary Quarterly. 51 (4): 601–624. doi:10.2307/2946921. Retrieved April viii, 2022.
20. ^ Fisher, Linford D.; Stonemason-Brown, Lucas (April 2014). "By "Treachery and Seduction": Indian Baptism and Conversion in the Roger Williams Code". The William and Mary Quarterly. 71 (two): 175–202. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.71.2.0175. Retrieved Apr 28, 2022.
21. ^ Howe, George (1959) [1958]. Mount Hope: A New England Chronicle . New York: The Viking Press. p. 33. LCCN 59-5643.
22. ^ Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (PDF) (Report). 1975. Retrieved July eight, 2020.
23. ^ Exact numbers of Indian allies are unavailable but about 200 warriors are mentioned in different dispatches implying a total population of about 800-one,000.
24. ^ Osgood, Herbert L. (1904). The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century. Vol. 1. p. 543.
25. ^ Lepore, p. 10.
26. ^ Philbrick, p. 221.
27. ^ Church, Benjamin (1639-1718) (June 5, 1865). The History of Male monarch Philip's State of war. HathiTrust. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
28. ^ "Moon Eclipse adding". Retrieved December 22, 2011. ^{[ original research? ]}
29. ^ Leach, p. 46.
30. ^ ^{a b} Schultz and Tougias, p. 151.
31. ^ Captain Thomas Wheeler's Narrative, p. 4: https://archive.org/stream/captainthomaswhe00whee#page/iv/mode/2up/search/smedly.
32. ^ Peirce, Ebenezer Weaver (1878). Indian History, Biography and Genealogy: Pertaining to the Good Sachem Massasoit of the Wampanoag Tribe, and His Descendants. Due north Abington, Mass.: Zerviah Gould Mitchell.
33. ^ ^{a b} "Miles Morgan". Retrieved August 12, 2015.
34. ^ ^{a b c} Providence, Mailing Address: 282 Northward Master Street; brake, RI 02903 Phone: 401-521-7266 Staff are not always on site during these COVID-xix; days, please send an emailor contact us through social media at facebook com/RogerWilliamsNPS Responses may take i-ii business concern; Us, we apologize for whatever inconvenience this may cause Contact. "Roger Williams: King Philip'southward State of war - Roger Williams National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov . Retrieved Baronial 8, 2021.
35. ^ Leach, p. 130–132.
36. ^ ^{a b c} Drake, p. 122.
37. ^ Barr.
38. ^ Calloway, Colin (2000). After King Philip's War: Presence and Persistence in Indian New England. University Press of New England. ISBN1611680611.
39. ^ Barr, Daniel (2006). Unconquered: The Iroquois League at State of war in Colonial America . Greenwood. p. 73. ISBN0275984664.
40. ^ "The Narrative of the Captivity and the Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson". City University of New York.
41. ^ Phelps, Noah Amherst (1845). History of Simsbury, Granby, and Canton; from 1642 to 1845. Hartford: Press of Example, Tiffany and Burnham.
42. ^ Delucia, Christine M. (2018). "The Gathering Identify: A Trafficked Waterway, Dawn Massacre, and Material Legacies of the "Falls Fight"". Memory lands: King Philip's War and the identify of violence in the northeast. New Oasis. ISBN9780300201178.
43. ^ Leach, p. 200–203.
44. ^ "NRHP nomination for Second Boxing of Nipsachuck Battlefield (redacted)" (PDF). Rhode Island Preservation. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
45. ^ Gould, p. 647.
46. ^ Evelyn 1850, p. 341
47. ^ Schultz and Tougias, p. 290.
48. ^ Churchill, Edwin A. (1995). "Mid-Seventeenth Century Maine: A Globe on the Border". In Baker, Emerson W.; Churchill, Edwin A.; D'Abate, Richard Due south.; Jones, Kristine 50.; Konrad, Victor A.; Prins, Harald Due east.L. (eds.). American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture, and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 242–245.
49. ^ Mandell, Daniel R. (2010). King Philip's War: Colonial Expansion, Native Resistance, and the Stop of Indian Sovereignty. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 77–81.
50. ^ Mandell, Daniel R. Documentary History of the Country of Maine. Vol. six. Portland: Maine Historical Society. pp. 177–180.
51. ^ ^{a b} Duncan, Roger F. (2002). Coastal Maine: A Maritime History. Woodstock: Countryman.
52. ^ Mandell, King Philip'southward War, pp. 133–134.
53. ^ Belknap, Jeremy (1784). The History of New-Hampshire. Vol. one. Philadelphia: Robert Aitken. p. 158–159.
54. ^ Lockridge 1985, p. 68. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockridge1985 (help)
55. ^ Hanson 1976, p. 91-92.
56. ^ ^{a b c d} Hanson 1976, p. 92.
57. ^ Lockridge 1985, p. 59. sfn mistake: no target: CITEREFLockridge1985 (assist)
58. ^ ^{a b c} Hanson 1976, p. 97.
59. ^ ^{a b c} Hanson 1976, p. 89.
60. ^ ^{a b} Bedini, Silvio A. (2003). "The History Corner: Joshua Fisher (1621-1672) Colonial Inn-keeper and Surveyor, Part 1". Professional person Surveyor Mag (September). Retrieved April 17, 2021.
61. ^ ^{a b c} Hanson 1976, p. ninety.
62. ^ ^{a b c d e} Hanson 1976, p. 91.
63. ^ Hanson 1976, p. 92-93.
64. ^ ^{a b} Hanson 1976, p. 93.
65. ^ Hanson 1976, p. 94.
66. ^ Hanson 1976, p. 95.
67. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Hanson 1976, p. 96.
68. ^ Spady, James O'Neil (Summer 1995). "As if in a Great Darkness: Native American Refugees of the Eye Connecticut River Valley in the Aftermath of King Philip's War: 1677–1697". Historical Journal of Massachusetts. 23 (ii): 183–197.
69. ^ Allen, Zachariah (April x, 1876). Bi-centenary of the Burning of Providence in 1676: Defence force of the Rhode Island System of Treatment of the Indians, and of Civil and Religious Liberty. An Address Delivered Earlier the Rhode Island Historical Society. Providence: Providence Press Company. pp. 11-12. Retrieved February xi, 2019. providence burned 1676.
70. ^ "Seacoast NH History - Colonial Era - Cochecho Massacre". Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved Baronial 12, 2015.
71. ^ Philbrick, p. 332.
72. ^ Peterson, Mark. The City-State of Boston. Princeton Academy Press, 2019, pages 130-131
73. ^ Prins, Harald E. Fifty. (March 1999). "Storm Clouds over Wabanakiak: Confederacy Affairs Until Dummer'south Treaty (1727)". The Atlantic Policy Congress of First Nations Chiefs. Passamaquoddy Tribe at Pleasant Point. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
74. ^ Williamson, William (1832). The History of the State of Maine. Vol. two. p. 27.
75. ^ Griffiths, N.East.S. (2005). From Migrant to Acadian: A N American Border People, 1604-1755. McGill-Queen'due south Academy Press. p. 61. ISBN978-0-7735-2699-0.
76. ^ Campbell, Gary (2005). The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec. Goose Lane Editions and The New Brunswick Heritage Military Projection. p. 21.

Works cited [edit]

• Hanson, Robert Make (1976). Dedham, Massachusetts, 1635–1890. Dedham Historical Society.

General bibliography [edit]

Primary sources [edit]

• Easton, John (1675). A Relation of the Indian War, by Mr. Easton, of Rhode Isle.
• Eliot, John (1980). Rhonda, James P.; Bowden, Henry W. (eds.). "Indian Dialogues": A Study in Cultural Interaction. Greenwood Printing.
• Hough, Franklin B. (1858). A Narrative of the causes which led to Philip's Indian State of war of 1675 and 1676. - John Easton'south account first published
• Lincoln, Charles H. (1913). Narratives of the Indian Wars 1675-1699. New York: Charles Scribner'south.
• Mather, Increment (1676). A Brief History of the Warr with the Natives in New-England. Boston and London.
• Mather, Increase (2003) [1677]. Relation of the Troubles Which Have Happened in New England by Reason of the Natives There, from the Year 1614 to the Yr 1675. Kessinger Publishing.
• Mather, Increment (1862). The History of King Philip'south War by the Rev. Increase Mather, D.D.; also, a history of the same war, past the Rev. Cotton Mather, D.D.; to which are added an introduction and notes, by Samuel Yard. Drake. Boston: Samuel G. Drake.
• Mather, Increase (1900) [1675–1676]. "Diary", March 1675–December 1676: Together with extracts from another diary by him, 1674–1687 /With introductions and notes, by Samuel A. Green. Cambridge, Massachusetts: J. Wilson.
• Randolph, Edward (1675). Clarification of Male monarch Philip's War.
• Rowlandson, Mary (1997). The Sovereignty and Goodness of God: with Related Documents. Bedford: St. Martin's Press.
• Rowlandson, Mary (1682). The Narrative of the Captivity and the Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson.

Secondary sources [edit]

• Brooks, Lisa (2019). Our Beloved Kin: A New History of Male monarch Philip'due south State of war. Yale Academy Press.
• Cave, Alfred A. (1996). The Pequot War. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
• Evelyn, John (1850). William Bray (ed.). Diary and correspondence of John Evelyn. London: Henry Colburn.
• Cogley, Richard A. (1999). John Eliot's Mission to the Natives before King Philip's War. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Drake, James David (1999). King Philip's War: Ceremonious State of war in New England, 1675-1676 . University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN1558492240.
• Hall, David (1990). Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Conventionalities in Early New England. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Academy Press.
• Kawashima, Yasuhide (2001). Igniting King Philip's War: The John Sassamon Murder Trial. Lawrence: Academy Press of Kansas.
• Leach, Douglas Edward (1954). Flintlock and Tomahawk: New England in King Philip's State of war. Parnassus Imprints, East Orleans, Massachusetts. ISBN0-940160-55-2.
• Lepore, Jill (1999). The Name of State of war: King Philip'southward State of war and the Origins of American Identity. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN9780679446866.
• Mandell, Daniel R. (2010). King Philip's War: Colonial Expansion, Native Resistance, and the Cease of Indian Sovereignty. Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Norton, Mary Beth (2003). In the Devil'south Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of. New York: Vintage Books.
• Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006). Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War . Penguin. ISBN0-670-03760-5.
• Pulsipher, Jenny Unhurt (2005). Subjects unto the Same King: Natives, English language, and the Contest for Authority in Colonial New England. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Schultz, Eric B.; Tougias, Michael J. (2000). King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict. New York: West.W. Norton and Co.
• Slotkin, Richard; Folsom, James K. (1978). Then Dreadful a Judgement: Puritan Responses to King Philip's State of war. Middletown, CT: Weysleyan University Press. ISBN0-8195-5027-2.
• Vaughan, Alden T. (1979). New England Frontier: Puritans and Natives, 1620-1675.
• Warren, Jason W. (2014). Connecticut Unscathed: Victory in the Great Narragansett War, 1675–1676. ISBN978-0806144757.
• Webb, Stephen Saunders (1995). 1676: The Cease of American Independence. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Academy Press.
• Zelner, Kyle F. (2009). A Rabble in Arms: Massachusetts Towns and Militiamen during Male monarch Philip'southward State of war. New York: New York University Printing. ISBN9780814797181.

Farther reading [edit]

• Brooks, Lisa Tanya (2018). Our Beloved Kin: A New History of Male monarch Philip'south War. New Oasis: Yale University Printing. ISBN978-0-300-19673-3. OCLC 1029108213.
• DeLucia, Christine Thousand. (2018). Memory Lands: King Philip'south State of war and the Identify of Violence in the Northeast. New London, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN9780300201178. OCLC 982566405.

External links [edit]

• Martin, Susan South. (ed.). "Edward Randolph on the Causes of the Rex Philip's War (1685)". New England Indians.
• Nourse, Henry Due south., ed. (1884). The Early on Records of Lancaster, Massachusetts. 1643–1725. W. J. Coulter. p. 324. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008. Killed March 26, 1676 .
• Peters, Paula (July 14, 2002). "We Missed Yous". Cape Cod Times. Hyannis, Massachusetts.
• Peirce, Ebenezer Weaver (1878). King Philip'south War. Indian history, biography and genealogy: pertaining to the adept sachem Massasoit of the Wampanoag tribe, and his descendants. Z. G. Mitchell.

Cause Of King Philip's War,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War

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